Electronics Fundamentals

The fundamental ideas in the field of electronics will be explored in this tutorial, and we'll talk about terminology like voltage, current, and resistance that are frequently used but have important roles to play. Next, we'll talk about circuits and the different kinds of them before attempting to construct a single, basic circuit in a virtual simulator.

Atomic Theory

Everything that you see around you is made of an atom that is invisible to the human eye. This implies that even the largest things are composed of tiny atoms. The diagram below shows a internal structure of an atom.






The nucleus is made up of protons and neutrons, and electrons orbit it in a manner similar to how planets orbit the sun. Inside an atom, the proton has a positive charge, whereas the electrons have a negative charge and the neutrons have no charge. The opposite charges of the protons and electrons, like the opposite poles of a magnet, cause them to be attracted to one another.

The distinction between conducting and non-conducting materials is made based on the number of electrons that are available inside the atom. In forthcoming tutorials, we'll go into more detail about these ideas. Hopefully by now, you have a better understanding of the structure of an atom, which will make it easier for you to grasp terminology like current, voltage, and resistance.

Voltage & Current

Energy that forces electrons through a conductor is referred to as voltage. As an illustration, when a battery is connected to a light bulb, electricity flows through it and the light is activated. When a battery is connected, the voltage simply acts to push electrons from the battery into the lightbulb, which is why this activity occurs.

You might be wondering what that energy is and how it is formed at this point. Take a look at the illustration below of two water tanks. Tank 1 has more water, while Tank 2 has less water. Can you tell me from which tank to which tank the water can flow now that both tanks are connected at the bottom? Yes, water can flow from tank 1 to tank 2. This is possible because the pressure in tank 1 is higher since there is more water there, which pulls the water toward the lower-pressure location in tank 2.




Here, the water is transferred from tank 1 to tank 2 by the differential in pressure between the two tanks. These would happen repeatedly until the water levels in both tanks were equal.

In a similar manner, you are connecting the battery to the light bulb. As we all know, the battery contains a large number of charge careers, whereas the light bulb does not originally include any charge careers. The charge starts to flow from the battery to the light bulb as a result of this potential difference.




So, in this instance, voltage refers to the Energy that forces the charge into the conductor. Current is the term used to describe the flow of charge via a conductor. When the voltage is high, a lot of current can flow through the conductor because the two quantities are directly inversely correlated.



However, as electrons are naturally free to move around in solid materials, they can also flow from negative to positive in a battery, contrary to what is typically believed to be the case. Protons (holes) flow from positive to negative, which is how we traditionally refer to the direction of an electric current.

RESISTANCE

Electrical resistance is the obstacle to an electric current's flow across a circuit. For simplicity, we can say that friction on a surface slows us down, just as resistance will obstruct or restrict the flow of electrons. Because there is less friction on a smoother surface, we can glide more quickly than on a rough surface. If there is a slope or uneven terrain, we will slow down or use more energy to accelerate in comparison to flat surfaces.

   Similar to how resistance limits the flow of electrons, we can increase the current by applying higher voltage to the conductor, which will enable us to carry more current. Another way to put it is that because there is less space, less water can flow via pended pipes and more can through conventional pipes. The resistor's value determines the minimal amount of current that can reasonably pass through it.


Current Vs Voltage Vs Resistance

 One of the fundamental laws of electronics, OHM'S Law connects current, voltage, and resistance. Electric current is said to be inversely proportional to resistance and directly proportional to voltage, according to OHM's law.